Atmospheric and Geological Data

Fair Weather Electric Field

130V/m - 3x10^-12 A/m² (1530 Amps Total)

Voltage of Upper Atmosphere

+300kV relative to Earth

Average Energy Density of Ball Lightning

5x10⁹ J/m³

Net negative charge of Earth

540,000 coulombs

Maximum vertical field strength in a thunderstorm

150kV/m (average=10kV/m)

Electromagnetic Formulae and Constants

The speed of light in vacuum

c = 299,792,458 m/s (~ 186,282.4 miles per second)

Magnetic Field of Solenoids (coils)

B - Magnetic Field
oIo - Magnetic Flux Density
µ₀ = 4π x 10^-7 Hm^-1 - Permittivity of free space
N - Number of turns
a - Area

B=µ₀NI
Flux per Turn, oIo = µ₀NIπr²
Total Flux, oIo =µ₀NIaNl

Coulombs Law
F = k (q₁q₂ / r²)

Permeability of Free Space
µ₀ = 4π x 10^-7

Permittivity of Free Space
1/(c² µ₀) =  = 8.85418782 × 10^-12

Frequency and Wavelength calculations of EM waves

λ is wavelength 
T is the period

Frequency, f = 1 / T

Velocity, v = f λ

Inductance Calculations

A self inductance of 1 Henry will produce an emf (electromotive force) of 1 Volt when the current (I) changes at a rate of 1A/s
V = -L(dI/dt)

Self Inductance, L = µ₀N²la

Mutual Inductance, M = µ₀N₁N₂la = k(L₁L₂)^1/2
The value of coupling coefficient (k) depends upon how much of the flux passes through the coils.

Properties of Subatomic Particles

Properties of an Electron

Charge = 1.60217646 × 10^-19 coulombs
Mass = 0.51 MeV/c² (9.11 × 10^-28 g)
Diameter = < 10^-18 m

Properties of a Neutron

Charge = 0 coulombs
Mass = 939.6 MeV/c² (1.67×10^-24 g)
Diameter = ?

Properties of a Proton

Charge = 1.602 × 10^-19 coulombs
Mass = 938.3 MeV/c² (1.6726 × 10^-24 g)
Diameter = 10^-15 m